After the A and B antigens of the ABO blood group system, D is the most important blood group antigen in routine blood banking.

Antiserum is blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies, and is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases. Antisera D (also called D antigen) is used for testing the blood group of Rh, because Antisera D contains antibody against protein D.

The positive or negative sign next to the blood groups is known as the Rhesus (Rh) factor. The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell. If your blood type is positive, then your blood cells have the Rh protein.

Unlike antibodies of the ABO system, those of the Rh system do not occur naturally in the serum, but are most often the result of exposure to the antigen during pregnancy or through transfusion The presence or absence of the D antigen is determined by testing the red blood cells with Anti-D.

Agglutination indicates that the test cells are D positive. Zero agglutination indicates that the test cells are D negative. Approximately 85% of the White population and 94% of the Black population are positive for the D antigen.

After the D antigen, the other most important antigens in the Rh system are C, E, c and e. These antigens are not as immunogenic as D, but may cause rapid destruction of red blood cells in the presence of the corresponding antibody. Positive results indicate the presence of the antigen, while negative results indicate the absence of the antigen on the red blood cells.

It’s significant to identify the presence of these antigens when selecting blood for transfusion to patients with these antibodies. Reagents such as Anti-C, Anti-c, Anti-E,&  Anti-e  are used to determine the phenotype of red blood cells in humans.

These reagents are used to identify the presence of C, c, E & e antigens on the surface of the human red blood cells, and these antigens are the third most potent at triggering an immune response in the blood, behind the ABO and Rh blood groups.

Anti D is supplied in 10ml dropper bottles either individually or packs of 10.

Anti C, E c & e is supplied in 5ml dropper bottles either individually or packs of 10.

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